What advantages or disadvantages are there of having a telephone mast at your school?

I thought in discovering you an outcome, never the less I will give you a fair view point and give you a down to earth answer†¦ Consequently I have arranged a rundown of visual cues for and against for the answer†¦ For * Good telephone signals are set up so an instructor can without much of a stretch contact others (by means of cell phone) if the conditions are turbulent. * If a telephone mass was established, organization's the nation over would fabricate there organizations close by so all workers could advantageously get to solid telephone signals meaning Clayton would be famous town meaning a lift in neighborhood economy†¦ * People would see Clayton as a more business cordial town, which means more recreation possibilities since organizations may set up significant workplaces and buildings†¦ * Small towns might be changed into a flourishing city in light of the fact that a splendid signals†¦ * May bring nonconformists despite the fact that they would require transport and settlement in this manner it places cash into the economy again†¦ * If significant organization's build enormous workplaces close by others might be convinced to make different things close by to provide food for the all representatives' requirements for instance bistros and extravagance outlet stores for rich individuals who work in the offices†¦ * If flourishing organization's beginning up in the town different structures will come too, for instance the organization may need a structure close by were they can have there site (bunches of servers) so they don't need to make a trip far to look after gear, implying that they will purchase more land prompting home operators and close by individuals picking up heaps of cash, which will encourage more be siphoned once again into the economy†¦ * If significant organization's set up in the close by town, large organizations, for example, BT and so forth will feel compelled not to have an office in the town in light of the fact that the town will be well known loaded with people†¦ * More shops would show up on the grounds that the town would be so well known significance heaps of individuals would purchase items from that point shop†¦ * There is no genuine proof to recommend that the EM radiation utilized in cell correspondences is hurtful. Against * There are fears that cell phone poles present a danger to wellbeing, these feelings of dread start with the warming of the mind direct from cell phones, this leads onto the potential reasons for disease that originate from telephone poles for example cerebrum tumors, this is the reason for microwave radiation. * You may experience difficulty dozing over the long haul and you could be in danger from getting a mind tumor. Additionally if somebody somehow managed to remain close to a telephone pole they may be in danger of getting this season's flu virus. * Seven distinct investigations had reasoned that cell phones could expand the odds of both harmful and amiable mind tumors'. * Can be viewed as ugly for instance, if there is exquisite view around the town the pole would in a split second decimate it†¦ Meaning that if the town is viewed as a provincial, it is no in a flash changed as a urban town†¦ * Newcastle is focused on more seasoned individuals (London is focused on more youthful individuals) Therefore they will be against the change†¦ How it functions Cell phones work utilizing radio signals along these lines to radio and TV. The framework depends on geographic regions known as cells. At the point when you make a call, your cell phone imparts a sign to the closest base station that controls a phone. The base station at that point transmits the sign through portable and fixed line systems to interface you. Cells shift in size contingent upon area and request. A huge base station might have the option to convey 100 to 150 calls at the same time while a littler one may just have the option to heft around 30 calls. Increasingly base stations will be required in regions where loads of individuals need to utilize their cell phones. There are around 51,000 base stations in the UK, 66% of which are coordinated into the plan of existing structures or structures. End This is an entirely debateable subject, anyway I trust the visual cues I have energetically given have made it simpler to me to make a solid decision†¦ If I was placed responsible for settling on this choice I would be for the phone pole since it would carry significant organizations to Newcastle-under-Lyme which would be great for the economy, There are around 70 million cell phones being used in the UK which of whom need to base stations, this is the reason one ought to be made in Newcastle since they must be made! Individuals may dissent and radical about this despite the fact that this wouldn't make any difference an excess of on the grounds that sooner or later individuals will forget†¦If we put a phone pole in Newcastle quite possibly Newcastle under Lyme could be totally changed generally advantageous! Some significant disservices would be that it could cause hurt towards the regular folks and that the change could outrage the more established open since they probably won't care for flourishing city's and favor the very villages†¦

Indo-European Family of Languages

Indo-European Family of Languages Definition Indo-European is aâ family of dialects (counting the greater part of the dialects verbally expressed in Europe, India, and Iran) plunged from a typical tongue spoken in the third thousand years B.C. by an agrarian people beginning in southeastern Europe. Parts of Indo-European (IE) incorporate Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit and the Iranian dialects), Greek, Italic (Latin and related dialects), Celtic, Germanic (which incorporates English), Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Anatolian, and Tocharian. The hypothesis that dialects as various as Sanskrit, Greek, Celtic, Gothic, and Persian had a typical progenitor was proposed by Sir William Jones in a location to the Asiatick Society on Feb. 2, 1786. (See underneath.) The remade basic predecessor of the Indo-European dialects is known as the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). Models and Observations The predecessor of all the IE dialects is called Proto-Indo-European, or PIE for short. . . . Since no reports in reproduced PIE are saved or can sensibly want to be discovered, the structure of this speculated language will consistently be to some degree dubious. (Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Indo-European Language and Culture. Wiley, 2009) Englishalong with an entire host of dialects spoken in Europe, India, and the Middle Eastcan be followed back to an antiquated language that researchers call Proto Indo-European. Presently, in every way that really matters, Proto Indo-European is a nonexistent language. Kind of. Dislike Klingon or anything. It is sensible to trust it once existed. Be that as it may, no one each recorded it so we dont know precisely what it truly was. Rather, what we can be sure of is that there are several dialects that share similitudes in language structure and jargon, proposing that they all advanced from a typical progenitor. (Maggie Koerth-Baker, Listen to a Story Told in a 6000-Year-Old Extinct Language. Boing, September 30, 2013) Address to the Asiatick Society by Sir William Jones (1786) Exist anymore Sanscrit language, whatever be its artifact, is of a brilliant structure, more immaculate than the Greek, more plentiful than the Latin, and more flawlessly refined than either, yet bearing to them two a more grounded fondness, both in the underlying foundations of action words and the types of punctuation, than might have been delivered unintentionally; so solid in reality, that no philologer could look at them every one of the three, without trusting them to have sprung from some normal source, which, maybe, does not exists. There is a comparative explanation, however not exactly so coercive, for assuming that both the Gothick and the Celtick, however mixed with a totally different colloquialism, had a similar starting point with the Sanscrit, and the old Persian may be added to this family, if this were the spot for examining any inquiry concerning the relics of Persia. (Sir William Jones, The Third Anniversary Discourse, on the Hindus, Feb. 2, 1786) A Shared Vocabulary The dialects of Europe and those of Northern India, Iran, and part of Western Asia have a place with a gathering known as the Indo-European Languages. They likely started from a typical language-talking bunch around 4000 BC and afterward split up as different subgroups moved. English offers numerous words with these Indo-European dialects, however a portion of the likenesses might be covered by sound changes. The word moon, for instance, shows up in unmistakable structures in dialects as various as German (Mond), Latin (mensis, which means month), Lithuanian (menuo), and Greek (meis, which means month). The word burden is unmistakable in German (Joch), Latin (iugum), Russian (igo), and Sanskrit (yugam). (Seth Lerer, Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia Univ. Press, 2007) Additionally See Grimms LawHistorical Linguistics

17 of the Weirdest Interview Questions Google and Other Big Companies Ask to Identify Top Talent

17 of the Weirdest Interview Questions Google and Other Big Companies Ask to Identify Top Talent Job interviews look alike. There is the introduction, the questioning, the negotiations. There are the behavioral questions, the technical questions, the compatibility questions. But every company, because of their philosophy, purpose and company values have different styles in leading their conversations.The aim of this article is to introduce you to the interviewing style of several leading companies in technology, healthcare, cosmetics, and others.Read this article till the end in order to discover what are the weirdest questions interviewers from those companies have asked job candidates.Those are real questions reported from actual interviewees after their meetings with recruiters from those establishments.While you may never be asked those exact questions, you will get to uncover some of the reasons behind the strangest questions you may be faced with.We hope that through our little analysis, you’ll feel more prepared when the recruiters surprise you on your next job intervie w.1. GOOGLE‘Why are manhole covers round?’The recruiters will not always want you to answer with the true facts. There may be multiple reasons to ask this question:Alphabet hires engineers. You will always make a positive impression on your recruiters if you give a response based on knowledge of civil engineering. The reason why manholes are round is twofold. For one, there is no way a round manhole will fall into the whole. In contrast, if you turn a square manhole up and turn it so that it stands above the opening diagonally, it can fold down. The second reason is that by making a detail round you are saving up on materials. You will use less concrete, steel, etc.Another reason might be to check on the creative thinking of the candidate. A part of programming is to think out-of-the-box. Google’s workers must be capable of reverse engineering, meaning they must be able to analyze why things work the way they work, understand the reason behind it, re-create the same process, a nd, ultimately, improve upon it.How should you answer? Well, with those sorts of questions, the worst thing you can do is, say that you don’t know. The recruiters will want to see your logic behind your thinking and your response. Saying that you don’t know the answer will not do you any favors. The interviewers will think that you were not as logical, as smart, as creative, as knowledgeable, or as original as they would want you to be. And even if you are all of those things, they will not have any good way to prove it.Whenever you face such a question the best strategy is always to try to think out loud. Let the recruiters follow your train of thought for a while. Try to think of a logical answer. The actual end response doesn’t matter that much.Google do love asking weird questions. Here are several run ups:‘How do cell phones work?’ ‘Tell me something quirky about you‘‘How much would a local handyman (with a local business and a 1-2 man operation) be willing to p ay for Adwords?‘ ‘If you and a friend are taking a flight together, what are the chances that you sit next to each other?‘Learn more:2. FACEBOOK‘How would you find out the number of cars passing through a busy bridge?It is one of the technical questions. The company wants to check your skills in Math and your technical knowledge, as well as your ability to be observant. In your answer, you need to take into account:The speed of the vehicles. Bridges normally allow higher speed, but it if is busy, they will probably go at an average speed of about 50 km/h. For easier calculations, let’s go 54 km/h, which is 15 m/s. The length of bridge â€" we need it in meters. Let’s make it 900m. Let’s say the space between the cars is 1,5m, and the length of the vehicles is 3,5m average. Our imaginary bridge will have 6 lanes â€" 3 in each direction. Time equals distance, divided by speed, which means the amount of time it will take 1 car to pass the bridge is 900/15 = 60 seconds. For the amount of time one car crosses the bridge from one end to the other, all cars that were on the bridge before it must have passed as well. So you need to just calculate how many cars fit that space. Divide the length of the bridge by the length of one vehicle plus the length of the space between it and the next one. You are dividing 900 by 5. That means 180 cars will pass for 60 seconds. That is, for 1 lane. For all 6 lanes, 1080 cars will have passed for 1 minute. 3. APPLECan you define empathy for me?Why do they ask you that question? Your interviewers know very well the definition of empathy. What they want to hear from you is your actual attitudes towards empathy. Here is your answering strategy:Give a dictionary-like definition.Continuing with several examples. What acts of empathy made an impression on your mind when you are young?Connect that to your everyday work. How do you use empathy when you interact with your teammates, your customers, and even your supervisors?Fini sh by saying that you know why they ask you this question. Say that you know empathy is important in what you hope to be your future job and how you plan to persevere being empathetic even under pressure.4. AMAZON‘On a scale of 1 10 how whacky can you be?’Why do they ask you that question? The question in this case was asked of a job candidate for the position of a photographer. That particular job candidate warns those coming after him â€" he thinks in this particular case Amazon was looking for cheap workers to photograph items for sale on a white background. He says it is not a job for real photographers. You should be aware why this question could be asked of you. The issue with the job was not a coincidence.Answer high on the scale if you are being recruited for a creative position. Answer low on the scale if you’re being recruited for a highly irrational, analytical position.In this case the chances are high that the recruiters at Amazon knew that it is not a true photo graphers position, and we’re trying to sift through the truly creative professionals from the workers they actually needed â€" the ones who would be satisfied with the 9-to-5 with steady pay, and just anything to do with photography.You should be particularly cautious because whenever we are asked to assess ourselves on the scale from 1 to 10 we are tempted to assess higher, regardless if that would put this in a positive or negative light.5. TESLA‘Recite your resume by heart’The question was asked to software engineering director. If you read the entire testimony you will know the interview didn’t go too well. He explains everybody seemed to be stressed out and too busy. They didn’t have much time for his interview. We are sure it is very exciting to work for Tesla but that is a sign of a bad working environment, normally. This job candidate explains the interviewer actually warned him Elon Musk was known to fire people just after one bad conversation. The reason why you should be careful of such questions is twofold. First, that probably means the recruiter didn’t have the time to prepare for your interview. Second they could suspect you half manipulated your CV and you have embellished your work experience. Even though this job candidate is not happy with his experience, he says every worker might get to test drive a Tesla every once in a while… So you might still be interested to work for the company.At Tesla they focus on very short, very pragmatic questions. Be careful. That means they are not ready to splurge their time on you unless you are worthy of hiring. If recruiter asks you only very short questions this is a red flag. Cut the bull. And come prepared. They have a very easy way to evaluate whether you will be a good employee for them. They will only give you one chance. Learn as much as you can about the company. Do your research. Come up with answers to the classic questions in advance:Tell me about yourself?Tell me about a time you dealt with a difficult situation.How do you go about escalating issues?Tell me about a time when you were successful.Why do you want to work here?  Make sure you’re convincing.6. SPOTIFY‘Sketch out a design for a site like Twitter.’According to the testimonies of interviewees at Spotify, all questions are strictly technological. If you don’t have the right experience or the right resume, you won’t have much luck.Why do they ask you that question? Why Twitter and not a new Spotify?They want to surprise you. They want to check for your skills to analyze, reverse engineer, and improve up on existing tools, programs and apps.Prove you’re interested in the world of technology. Describe what you think of the current system.Describe how you saying the current design contributed to the success of the app.Describe your design ideas.Explain why you think your ideas are an improvement over current website.Say what you think the greatest risks are from the changes that you’re pla nning to introduce.7. UBER‘You have 30 mins to make up a company that utilizes an app and answer questions such as KPI, customer service issues, marketing ideas and overall company structure.’For the company idea go for something simple. Something that will never go out of style and something that is always needed. But at the same time try to stick with transportation. You need to stay relevant. A good example is delivering bread.The app. The app will connect local users to local bakeries. The bread app will work on a subscription basis in order to ensure regular income.KPI. For your key performance indicators it’s always advisory to mention the SMART method. They will be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound. You will have two types of KPI. The first one will be for the bakeries and the other one will be for drivers. You will base expectations on statistics and research. You will factor in the bread consumption in the region, the amount of bakeries who us e your app and the amount of bakeries who do not use your app. You will factor in seasonal changes of traffic. And you will always, always respect the local differences.For customer service issues you will mostly deal with delays or   bad product. Tell the recruiters for you it will be most important to assess the behavior of the customer and the behavior of the driver and the products of the bakeries equally well. To keep a balance. To make everyone happy.For marketing ideas go for a Guerrilla marketing campaign. It will give you the best effect for the lowest budget.For company structure come up with something flat. You need limited management mostly marketing programmers and drivers.8. ADOBE‘Nth Fibonacci number’Why do they ask you that question?The Fibonacci numbers are following the Fibonacci sequence. Each number is created by summing up the two preceding numbers.Careful! When if you are being asked what is the 6th or the 7th or any consequent number in the order, always ask the specifying question whether the sequence should start with a 0 or a 1. The classic starts from the number one. The modern one starts with 0.Here is the Fibonacci sequence for the first 20:(0), 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181. 9. IBM‘What is entropy?’Entropy is the thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a systems thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work. It is often used to describe how disorderly or random the system is. IBM ask you this question to check your technical knowledge, your engineering skills, your design skills, and also your values. Entropy is a commonly used metaphor among scientists of the law of the universe to destroy that which lacks maintenance â€" that which lacks intelligent design. They are essentially asking your opinion on sustainable development.10. HESS‘Whats your favorite color’According to Psychology Today the color you choose does say something about you.  Black says you are sensitive and careful.White says you are organized and logical.Red says you are tenacious and determined. Blue says you love harmony and are reliable.Green says you are affectionate, loyal and frankYellow says you enjoy learning and sharing. It is the color of happiness.Purple says you are artistic and unique. Brown says you are friend and loyal. Choose wisely. 11. CISCOI hate mini-vans but I want you to sell me one anyway.Is this a weird question? It is a perfectly normal question to ask of a salesperson. But the question was asked to an engineer?!Why do they ask you that question?The responsibility to sell lies most heavily on Sales and Engineering. And while the salesperson merely has to convince the customer this product encompasses features that will improve the customers life, the engineer is responsible to create those features. 12. NIKEWhy should Nike go direct to consumer through its own retail stores? What is so weird about this question? Well, shouldn’t th e store know better about their decisions and then the future employees? Not necessarily.Why do they ask you that question? The brand needs to be convinced that all of their employees understand and stand behind their decisions. For example, by going directly to the consumer, the messages of Nike, will reach the public in their pure form. That is a value that their employees must share.13. TWITTER‘What do you need to turn lead into gold?’Why do they ask you that question?Well, every Harry Potter fan knows that you need the Philosophers Stone to turn anything into gold, and to create the elixir of life. To make yourself immortal.The recruiters at Twitter maybe testing your general knowledge of popular culture, or your knowledge of alchemy. In anyway, this is not a question on which you can cheat.14. GENERAL MOTORS‘Describe a time that you had to publicly admit to making a mistake.’The question was asked to an engineer that it was a job applicant at General Motors back in Octo ber 2014. You will recall that back in February is the same year the company had to recall more than 800,000 vehicles because of a faulty ignition which cook shut off doing driving and prevent the airbags from opening doing an accident. Part of the aftermath for the company involved General Motors paying the Department of Transportation $35 million for delaying that recall.Is then the recruiter at General Motors have reportedly adopted a new value system and want to make sure that all of their new employees follow the same values.When you answer such questions make sure that you’ll reassure the recruiters that you are fully aware of the company’s history, that you feel for the tough decisions the management had to take, and that you will do everything in your power to not allow such unfortunate events to happen in the future.15. SEPHORA‘If you wanted to open up a business what would be your plan/steps?’This question was asked in an Assistant Marketing Manager Interview.Why d o they ask you that question? Sephora is a makeup store that operates internationally. In order to keep such an establishment up and the running and be successful, you need to observe strict rules.By answering the question how you would open your own business, you are essentially detailing to your future employer what you believe a successful business requires. Here’s what you need to say in these cases:Describe your idea what inspires you the most. What sort of business would you run?What do you need in order to make it right from the start?Describe their values.Describe how your organization Will be helpful to society. Describe between two and five rules that’s you will instill in your employees as the most important thing.Describe how your future employer embodies most of the features of your dream businessâ€"always bring it back to the company.16. JOHNSON JOHNSON‘What information is important about the sale of one pencil?’Is this a weird question? Yes. Well it wouldn†™t be so weird if it wasn’t asked of a job candidate for an analyst. Why do they ask you that question?They ask you that question because the product seems to be insignificant. In your answer you need to make sure you tell your future employer that you understand how the sale of a small object can contributes to generating big data that will later own become an essential for the organization. You will retain the date of the sale, the personal information of the customer, any special circumstances around the sale holidays weekends, promotions ad campaigns, that were running at the time. And then you will describe to your recruiter why you believe this information Will bring up more sales, Will improve the relationship with your customers, and will, ultimately, make them money.17. LUSHWhich lush product describes you?It seems more of a question that Buzzfeed will include in one of their quizzes, rather than a question you would expect to be asked on an interview for a job at a cosm etics company.Why do they ask you that question?There’re three main reasons why:They want to know if you’re familiar with the companies productsThey wants to know if you have a good imaginationThey want to know your opinion as a customer â€" which product you think is popularCONCLUSIONSometimes recruiters want to surprise you. They want to know more about your personality. The only way to get your truthful response is to get you out of your comfort zone. They know that the best job candidates come prepared. That is why they want to challenge you to think out-of-the-box â€" they want to follow your thinking process instead of seeing only the result of you memorizing successful interviewing techniques.Trust your interviewers. Always answer to the best of your abilities. Whenever you’re faced with the choice between impressing them by being fake or showing your true self, always go for the latter, because of this is the only way they will evaluate if you are a good fit for the co mpany. If they ask you a mathematical question be ready to do some calculations. If they ask you of popular culture questions be ready to show your knowledge. If they ask you a technical question be ready to work on with your mind. While it is tempting to try to analyze the question, most times it will not do you any good. Don’t try to play any games. The best interviewees believe they and the recruiters are on the same side.

The Relativism of Ethics - 2162 Words

Relativism of Ethics The question of ethics and what is considered to be ethical can be a difficult one to explain. There are many situations where right and wrong or black and white distinctions are perceptible. The right thing to do in the situation is easily able to be discerned, though it may not be the easiest thing to do. However, this particular state of affairs is the far rarer of the potential occasions. More often than not, trying to determine what is the right and/or wrong choice in a given situation is difficult, if not impossible. Usually the world is not divided into categorizations wherein things can be broken down into either good or bad, right or wrong, black or white. Times occur in life wherein a person will be met with the opportunity to make a choice between two options, of which the morally right or wrong thing may be difficult to ascertain. There will be times when the right or wrong thing will not be as obvious as one would like it to be. Sometimes an honest action will be unprofi table and thus unpleasant and it can be difficult for the individual to be willing to make that correct choice. Having said all this, the next question becomes how is right and wrong determined? The crux of relativism is the idea that morals are relative. This means that what is categorized as right or wrong is relative to the psychology of the society in which that morality exists. Philosophers who prescribe to the concept of relativism believed that right and wrongShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Care And Relativism1370 Words   |  6 Pagescritical decisions. The two ethical systems I relate to are, ethics of care and relativism. Ethics of care is an ethical system which focuses on preserving and enriching relationships while also meeting the needs of others (Pollock, 2015). While relativism is an ethical system explains how what is deemed right and wrong changes based on an individual or groups belief (Pollock, 2015). Based on the characteristics of ethics of care and relativism, these relate to my personal beliefs, as well as, I haveRead MoreMoral Relativism and Normative Ethics717 Words   |  3 PagesMoral Relativism and Normative Ethics Normative ethics encompasses the study of moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. British philosopher W.D. Ross emphasizes prima facie duties. Ross argues that our duties are part of the fundamental nature of the universe. Ross claims his list of duties reflects our actual moral convictions. 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Law IT Singapore

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3854 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Issue of Intellectual Property Protection From the previous assignment, we have look into the cases involving McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise PTE LTD, we have also introduced the basic intellectual property laws and how they are inter-related to one another. In this assignment, we will analyze the Singapore Laws that is related to the cases involved, and then we will provide recommendation to give our client a better idea of the rules and regulations they should abide. Summary of the cases McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise PTE LTD, core-operating unit of Food Empire Holding Limited, are involved in two law cases during the period of 2003 to 2007. McDonald lost the first case in 2003 as the mark used by Future Enterprise is visually different from McDonald Corporation. Furthermore, Future Enterprise has its eagle device while McDonald Corporation has its golden archer. Therefore, the color scheme, font, and typeface on the mark of the Future Enterprise is very different from the one used by McDonald Corporation. McDonald Corporation sued Future Enterprise again in 2005 for amending the logo of MacCoffee by dropping the eagle device. McDonald Corporation has won this court case against Future Enterprise as there is a higher chance of confusion that will occur in the public and both products names are relate to coffee beverages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law IT Singapore | Law Dissertations" essay for you Create order Both cases mentioned above are inter-related with each other as both cases involved the Intellectual Property Law of Trade Mark Act (TMA) where s15 of the TMA is highly emphasized. In the midst of both cases, both McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise have made various appeals to the cases and this shows that both companies have the great intention and desires to protect their own trademarks. The connection between both cases shows that McDonald wanted to monopolize their trademark as far as food and beverages were concerned. Future Enterprise which also wanted to conserve its right of the prefix Mac in the same industry tried its best to maintain its position. Description and Analyze of the Singapore Law Involved In the case study, the Singapore Law that involved is mainly the Trademark and Passing off laws under the Intellectual Property Law. The laws involved can be classified into two main categories of Common Law and Statute Law. Statute Law Involved: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 1 for definition of Statute Law) The Statute Laws that are applicable in the following case are Section 12(1), Section 15 and Section 23(1) of the Trade Marks Act (Cap 332, 1992 Rev Ed). Below are the descriptions of the different section of laws involved and the reasons why it is involved: Section 12(1): Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him who is desirous of registering it shall apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner for registration in Part A or B of the register. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that Future Enterprises marks were not made in good faith as it has adopted a naming convention of using the prefix Mac follows by a food or beverage descriptive. This is similar to McDonald Corporation naming convention for their products, which McDonald Corporation feels that Future Enterprise is making use of similar naming convention to promote their products. Section 15: It shall not be lawful to register as a trade mark or part of a trade mark any matter the use of which would, by reason of its being likely to deceive or cause confusion or otherwise, be disentitled to protection in a court of justice, or would be contrary to law or morality, or any scandalous design. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that the naming convention and the using of the prefix Mac adopted by Future Enterprise would likely to deceive or cause confusion among the public. McDonald Corporation feels that the consumers may be misled thinking that Future Enterprises mark is a series of mark belonging to McDonald Corporation. Section 23(1): Except as provided by section 25, no trade mark shall be registered in respect of any goods or description of goods that is identical with or nearly resembles a trade mark belonging to a different proprietor and already on the register in respect of: The same goods; The same description of goods; or Services or a description of services, which are associated with those goods or goods of that description. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that Future Enterprises mark is identical and has a near resembled to their trademark. McDonald Corporation also claims that Future Enterprises marks are associated with their goods in respect of restaurant and catering services as McDonald Corporation regards Food and Beverages is associated with hotel or restaurant service. Common Law Involved: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 2 for definition of Common Law) There are quite a number of Common Laws involved in our case study, we will look into the major cases that are referred to in corresponding to the different sections of Trade Mark Act that are involved. (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 3 for other cases referred (Common Laws)) Case refers corresponding to Section 12: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 4 for the summary of the case) Tiffany Co v Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA [1999] 3 SLR 147 (folld) McDonald Corporation referred to the mentioned case as a support to enhance the claim that Future Enterprises mark is not made in good faith, claiming that Future Enterprise was making use of the prefix Mac to promote their products to the public through the association to McDonald Corporation. Case refers corresponding to Section 15: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 4 for the summary of the case) McDonalds Corporation v McBagels Inc (85 Civ 7868, 10 December 1986) (refd) McDonald Corporation referred to the mentioned case as a support to enhance the claim that using the prefix Mc or Mac as a naming convention will result confusion in the public to think that Future Enterprises products that has the name mark of Mac is associated to McDonald. Dispute and Resolution Mechanism: Singapore has its own hierarchy of Courts when dealing with Criminal and Civil Law. (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 5 for the diagram of Singapores hierarchy of Courts) Singapore Law system is very strict and serious to trade mark offences, it has imposed a fine of up to $100,000 and/or imprisonment for a maximum term of 5 years for criminal liability in infringement act. For civil infringement, the court can award statutory damages of up to $1million. Usually, the High Court in the hierarchy of Singapore Court system will deal with intellectual property disputes and infringement. Referring to the Case Study, the case is dealt in High Court but due to appeal, the case is later brought into the Court of Appeal in resolving the case. Laws and their relevancy to the case Relevant laws and their application: Under s12(1) of the Act that the respondents claim to proprietorship of the three marks was not made in good faith as it had copied the common distinctive prefix of the appellants family of marks, namely, Mc; Under s15 of the Act that the registration of the three marks would likely deceive or cause confusion to the public; and Under s23(1) of the Act that the application marks were identical with or nearly resembled the trade marks belonging to the appellant. Fairness and unfairness: First case: (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 1 for Scenario of first case) It was decided in the first case that McDonald was unable to stop Future Enterprise form producing their products due to infringements of trademarks. I believed that the decision was fair as many evidence was provided to prove that Future Enterprise had made an effort to make their products distinctive to prevent confusion to the public. The evidence, from the article says that the products Future Enterprise produced were packaged with an eagle logo and it was sold mainly at NTUC FairPrice and Mustafa supermarkets in Singapore. This evidence enhances the point that Future Enterprise and McDonald were selling products targeted at different audiences from different markets. Furthermore, the article also showed that Future Enterprise has had its own product logos and color schemes different from McDonald. This point further showed that the marks were different whether it is in the aspects of appearance, sound or concept. Thus, it proves that customers/consumers had more ways to differentiate between the products of these 2 organizations, which further enhance the fairness of the judgment for this case. Last but not least, McDonald further protested that it had spent millions of dollars to create goodwill for it Mc series of marks, but evidence showed from the article says that Future Enterprise had also spent substantial time and resources in order to gain recognition from global market leaders. Therefore, it is fair to say that Future Enterprise did not cause loss whether in goodwill or financial damages, thus I think it is fair to say that fair judgment were made in this case. Second case: (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 2 for Scenario of second case) In the second case, Future Enterprise was brought up to court by McDonald again as they wanted to update their product design by dropping off their eagle logo. McDonald felt that their marks and naming conventions would be relatively similar which could cause confusion if Future Enterprise were to take out the distinctive eagle logo. Evidence from the article says that the two names sounded and looked too alike, and a substantial amount of average Singaporean would be confused with these two products. And also, the concept too was proved to be similar whether it is the products they are selling or the locations that they are selling the products. But, in our own opinion, we felt that there was unfairness presented in this judgment. In the first Court case between McDonald and Future Enterprise, it was judged that there were too many differences between McDonald and Future Enterprise whether it is in their logo, the products they sells or the audience they targeted. Thus, MacCoffee was able to be registered as a trademark and McDonalds appeal were dismissed. Yet, in the second court case, Future Enterprise loses the chance for its MacCoffee to be registered as a trademark name as they decided to drop their distinctive eagle logo. The first case stated that there were unanimous decisions in believing that products from Future Enterprise were not similar, whether in visual, sounds or concept, in comparison with products from McDonald. And also, evidence from the first case stated that the audience they targeted was remarkably different and the products they sold were also different. The judgment of the second case said that their marks were too similar and it would cause confusion after they drop the eagle logo. The appeals were dismissed with $10,000 payment made from Future Enterprise to McDonald. We felt that this judgment were unfair as there were contradictions which existed within this two cases. The products they sold were relatively different, ready-to-drink beverages from McCafe, and 3-in-1 coffee mix from MacCoffee. This presented a huge contrast between the products sold by the 2 organizations. Also, since it was decided in the first court case that the logos, type font, color schemes and targeted audiences were different for products of this 2 organizations, it should be brought up in the second case too in order to ensure fairness in this case. Thus they should take it into consideration of all these differences in the second court case rather than just concentrating on the similarities caused by the removed logos. Steps to further protect intellectual property rights For McDonald Corporation: Increase the monopolization of the prefix Mc into other service area that their business might want to expand into or have influence on. This is because the use of Mc is only subjected to McDonald in hotel and restaurant service and they might consider the use of this prefix into other service area thus, McDonald can maintain the rights of this prefix in other areas and future companies wont make use of the prefix in the same service area. For Food Empire Holdings: Food Empire Holdings could distinguish itself to McDonalds on the MacCoffee and McCafe by using back their earlier registered mark which appears below an eagle device, on its coffee products. This eagle device can play a part in determining whether the application mark is the same as McDonalds. (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 1 for the picture of Food Empire packaging) Recommendation As a consultant engaged by a big advertising company Do-It-Right Limited, we are responsible to report on the state of intellectual property protection in Singapore and to generally advise them whether there is an inherent and prevailing culture that respects other persons intellectual property rights. Thus, to start with it, we will recommend Do-It-Right Limited Company to advice their multinational clients to understand their own country intellectual property laws and the procedures of registering the trademark. In Singapore Intellectual Property Law, it is categorized into 6 main areas of: Copyright and Neighboring Rights, Industrial Designs, Patents, Confidential Information/Trade Secrets, Trade Marks and Passing Off. These are the 6 main areas under that Intellectual Property Law where the client ought to have a general knowledge of as understanding the laws in each area will be able to help clients to know the ways or methods to safeguard their intellectual properties by knowing which the areas of laws they should look into. To further protect clients intellectual property rights, it is a best advice for client to register their product. For Example: If an organization know that their property or design can be register under the Trademark protection, it is best to register in order to be under law of protection instead of limited protection. This is to ensure when an issue arise of a rival company copying the organization product or design. Organization in this case can use passing off law to protect their rights but this will result them to have limit law of protection if they fail to register their product design. Moreover, Trademark Law offer a great degree of protection comparing to Passing Off Law as Passing off Law require the breaching of Goodwill, Misrepresentations and Damage in order for the Law to take into consideration or effect. Thus in conclusion, it is important for Client to register their product or design under the Intellectual Property Law of protection to have more coverage of protection Lastly, we will also advice them to research on their competitors logo and name to avoid any misinterpretation and misunderstand of their own logo and name to their competitors. It is strongly recommended to use a unique and distinct design for their logo and name, which will lessen the chances of their competitors imitating their name and logo. Conclusion Through our case study on Mc Donald Corporation and Future Enterprise, we have a deep understanding about Intellectual Property Law in Singapore and how it can truly save guard our own personal property. We are also able to analyze the cases and discuss whether the Singapore Courts had made a right judgment. We had gained knowledge of Singapore Courts dealing with cases that involved the Intellectual Property Rights and know the importance of Intellectual Property that under the coverage of law to protect the important asset of an organization. References 1McDonalds Corp v Future Enterprises Pte Ltd https://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/46507.html 2Food Empire Holdings Ltd https://www.food-empire.com/corp1.htm 3 McDonalds Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds 4 Welcome to McDonalds https://www.mcdonalds.com/ 5 McDonalds Singapore https://www.mcdonalds.com.sg/history.htm 6 Singapore Intellectual Property Law#section5 https://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/iplaw2.html#section5 7 Trademark Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark 8 Passing off Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_off 9 McDonalds Corp v Future Enterprises Pte Ltd https://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/46507.html 10 Rules of Court https://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/data/doc/ManagePage/97/roc_o87.htm Appendices Extra Information Section A: A: 1 Statute Law Statue Law is written law that is created by governing authority like the parliament in the form of legislation to state out the civil order of the country and to implement and clarify the policies and operations of the government. Statute Law is also the law that state the consequences or punishments for committing a certain criminal or civil crime such as the Trademark Act or Passing off Act; new law can be introduced and existing law can be taken away in order to accommodate to the nation. A: 2 Common Law Common Law is unstated or unwritten law that is created by judges through court decisions. The decisions made by the judges on current case will depend on the decisions made in similar previous cases that took place. In other word, similar infringements and disputes, that have taken place in previous cases, will result the current case to follow the decisions and reasoning that being used. Common Law system is complicated, as the de cisions made in previous cases will affect the law in future cases and is totally distinguish from Statute Law. Moreover, the decisions made are bounded within a limited given jurisdiction. E.g. Decisions made in higher court such as Court of Appeal will affect the decisions in lower court. A: 3 Case(s) referred to (Common Law): Australian Woollen Mills Limited v F S Walton and Company Limited [1937] 58 CLR 641 (refd) Auvi Pte Ltd v Seah Siew Tee [1992] 1 SLR 639 (folld) Bali Trade Mark [1969] RPC 472 (refd) Beck Koller Company (England) Limited, In the Matter of an Application by [1947] 64 RPC 76 (fold) Brown Shoe Company Inc, Application by [1959] RPC 29 (folld) Carnival Cruise Lines Inc v Sitmar Cruises Ltd [1994] 120 ALR 495 (folld) Compatibility Research Ltd v Computer Psyche Company Ltd [1967] FSR 63 (refd) Future enterprise Pte Ltd v Tong Seng Produce Pte Ltd [1998] 1 SLR 1012 (refd) Genette Trade Mark [1968] RPC 148 (folld) Harrods Limited v Harrodian School Limited [1996] RPC 697 (refd) Karu Pty Ltd v Jose [1994] 30 IPR 407 (folld) Kellogg Co v Pacific Food Products Sdn Bhd [1999] 2 SLR 651 (folld) Lever Brothers Ltd v Bedingfield [1899] 16 RPC 3 (folld) Lifestyle 1.99 Pte Ltd v S$1.99 Pte Ltd [2000] 2 SLR 766 (folld) McDonalds Corporation v McBagels Inc (85 Civ 7868, 10 December 1986) (refd) McIndians, In the matter of an application to register the mark (UK Patent Office 16 August 1996)(refd) McMint, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 7 November 1997) (folld) McSalad and McFresh, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 1 May 2000) (not folld) McVeg, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 10 November 1997) (folld) PB Foods Ltd v Malanda DairyFoods Ltd (1999) 47 IPR 47 (distd) Pianotist Company, In the Matter of an Application by (1906) 23 RPC 774 (folld) SEMIGRES Trade Mark [1979] RPC 330 (folld) Shell Co of Australia Ltd v Esso Standard Oil (Australia) Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 407 (folld) Shell Co of Australian Ltd v Rohm Haas Co (1949) 78 CLR 601 (refd) Smith, Hayden Coy Ld, In the Matter of an Application by (1946) 63 RPC 97 (refd) Soldan Holding + Bonbonspezialitaeten GmbH, Re Application by (Singapore Trade Marks Registry, 20 July 2001) (refd) Sports CafÃÆ'Â © Ltd b Registrar of Trade Marks (1998) 42 IPR 552 (folld) Super Coffeemix Manufacturing Ltd v Unico Trading Pte Ltd [2000] 3 SLR 145 (folld) Tiffany Co v Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA [1999] 3 SLR 147 (folld) UNIMAX Trade Mark [1979] RPC 469 (folld) Vitamins Lds Application, In the Matter of [1956] RPC 1 (folld) Wagamama Ltd v City Center Restaurants plc [1995] FSR 713 (refd) Yuen Yu Kwan Frank v McDonalds Corporation [2001] WL 1422899 (refd) A:4 Summary of cases for Common Laws Summary of Case refers corresponding to Section 12: Tiffany Co opposed the registration of the mark Tiffany by Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA on cigarettes though; Tiffany Co has no monopoly in cigarettes industries. This may results in confusion as the entire word mark Tiffany was being copied over and the public might think that the cigarettes sold is produced or has connection to Tiffany Co upon seeing the Tiffany band of cigarettes. Summary of Case refers corresponding to Section 15: McDonald Corporation objected the use of McBagel in bagel bakery restaurant, as it would create confusion in public that people might think that McBagel is somehow associated with McDonald Corporation. Moreover, a survey was conducted and numerous people believed that McBagel was associated to McDonald Corporation due to the use of the prefix Mc. A.5 Diagram of Singapores hierarchy of Courts Section B: B: 1 Scenario of first case: McDonald had wanted to stop listed Future Enterprises from distributing products named MacNoodles, MacTea and MacChocolate. However, the court of appeal decided in a unanimous decision that the three trademarks were not deceptively similar to McDonalds Mac or Mc prefix. Thus in this case, the laws of protecting trademarks did not help McDonald to stop Future Enterprise from distributing their products, and also Future Enterprise were able to win this case as they did not breach the law of passing off. B: 2 Scenario of Second case: The dispute continues as Future Enterprise, a subsidiary and core unit of listed Food Empire Holding decided to updates it product design, MacCoffee to drop its original eagle design. McDonald objected as the similarity now existed when Future Enterprise decides to take out its distinct eagle design. After objection arose, Future Enterprise appealed for the MacCoffee brand to be registered as trademark, which in the end the appeal was dismissed. The laws of protecting trademark in this case were being carried out. MacCoffee were not distinct enough to be registered as a trademark, thus the appeal was dismissed. Also, after removing the eagle design, it was judged that goodwill was breach in terms of causing confusion to the public with similar products. Thus McDonald had successfully won this case with the appeal and Future Enterprise appeals were all dismissed and they were to pay a sum of $10,000 to McDonald to cover their loss. Section C: C: 1 Pictures of Food Empire MacCoffe packaging Old Packaging New Packaging Schedule of Meeting Date Discussion 28th May 2008 Analyze the cases Facts Inter-relationship Tasks allocated to each of the members 30th May 2008 Discuss the research done Singapore Laws (Statute Law Common Law) Singapore Courts Intellectual Property Rights Started the report writing 5th June 2008 Continuation of the report Modification of report Error Checking Rephrasing 9th June 2008 Finalization of the report Work Plan 3.1 Description of Assignment The objective for this final report gives us more understanding of the Singapore Laws that can be applied to these two cases. We are able to apply our basic knowledge learned in the lecture to discuss whether the cases had been judge fairly. 3.2 Team Members Nur Afidah Binte Afandi, Mark Heng Kok Hoong, Teo Lay Hoon, Goh Kok Jui Kelvin, Chai Guo Wei Problems encountered and Solutions 4.1 Problem: Time Consume Solution: Planning out the schedule what we should do first and what should we do next helps to cut down the time wastage.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay †“Farm Girl” Free Essays

Is today’s society getting too lax with their children? Why are parents not giving their children chores? What are kids lacking by not being held accountable? What happens when children do not have responsibilities at a younger age? My rhetorical analysis is focused on the short memoir â€Å"Farm Girl† from Jessica Hemauer who vividly paints you as the reader a picture of what it was like growing up on the farm and the effect it had on her life. This piece is one for the masses. The way Hemauer’s memory of growing up on the farm is written could be for a wide range of people to comprehend. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis Essay – â€Å"Farm Girl† or any similar topic only for you Order Now She more than likely wrote this memoir for an audience that had gone through trying times or at the time are currently going through times that are getting them down to see that those times do not always have to be a bad thing; it can be a good thing as well. With it being titled â€Å"Farm Girl†, being so easy to follow and an interesting piece to read Hemauer attracted far more than she intended. It could be read by anyone that is interested about what it is like growing up on a farm or what chores may do for their child and many more as well. In the audience’s face right from the begging with intense details, Hemauer has the attention of the reader, because like myself, most individuals in today’s world couldn’t even fathom wanting to get up nor waking their ten year old child up at 5 A. M. Her use of emotional details in the explanation of how hard it is to get up and how even if she is to argue with her father it won’t get her anywhere makes the reader feel sorry for her. Though it is common place for her siblings and herself they don’t enjoy doing it as described by Jessica â€Å"As we dress, not a single word is spoken because we all feel the same way, â€Å"I hate this! †Ã¢â‚¬ (Hemauer, 2011, p. 113). Without this explanation from her, most people could logically gather that a group of children would never be enthusiastic about waking early to do work on a farm nor any work at all for that matter. Hemauer then goes on to describe their duties on the farm before going to school, how she feels at school when she has nothing to talk about at lunch and how she yearns to be involved in sports and clubs at school â€Å"not being able to participate in school activities like my friends makes me feel left out and depressed† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 115). Appealing to the reader ethically Hemauer expresses what a large portion of kids in school want to do and be a part of cause they get to spend more time with friends and be part of something bigger than themselves. Finally, Hemauer is allowed to participate in basketball but must still complete her chores which she is willing to comply with â€Å"In eighth grade I really want to play basketball, and after begging and pleading with my parents, they finally say I can join the team as long as I continue to help with chores in the morning before school and after practice† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 115). Though it is tough and causes her to fall asleep in classes sometimes, she manages to do both. Thankfully, only for a short time, then her father decides to hire help due to the farm growing so large and realizing how much his children have given up over the years. Though at the time it is unknown to her how the experience had affected her life, later she reflects on the adult she became because of it â€Å"Each day of my life there are times when I reflect back to working on the farm† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 117). How Hemauer conveys her memoir and looks back on her childhood, shows us how valuable chores can be to a child despite how much they dislike doing them. A large percent of today’s youth lacks the drive or ambition to push their selves because they unlike Hemauer have not had the responsibilities of such magnitude nor any bestowed upon them. In earlier generations, children and adolescents were given meaningful opportunities to be responsible by contributing not only to their households but also to their larger communities,† said Markella Rutherford, assistant professor of sociology at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and author of the new study, Children’s Autonomy and Responsibility: An Analysis of Child Rear ing Advice (Lack of household chores making children less responsible, claims survey, 2009). Chores used to be the social norm and without them a child misses out on learning valuable life skills. Chores allow children an early and sustained opportunity to experience responsibility. Independence and self-sufficiency in life are tied, ultimately, to mastery of two types of responsibility: personal responsibility and social responsibility† (Rowland, 2000, Brown University Child Adolescent Behavior Letter, 16(6), 1). Though it can said many times, different ways that chores can help your child it is also said that you should never ask your child to do something hat you yourself wouldn’t do and they should be used by busy parents to spend more quality time with their child. Essentially helping both the child grow from the responsibilities and allowing the parent to spend more time with the child. References Jessica Hemauer (2011) Farm Girl. In Roen, D, Glau, and Maid,B (Ed s) The McGraw-Hill Guide Writing for college, Writing for life. (Pg. 113-117) Boston, MH: Mcgraw Hill P. Barrett, R. (2000). Assigned chores help teach social, personal responsibility. Brown University Child Adolescent Behavior Letter, 16(6), 1. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis Essay – â€Å"Farm Girl†, Essay examples

Huntington’s Disease Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Huntingtons Disease. Answer: Huntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurogenerative disorder resulting from the unstable expansion of the CAG trinucleotide in the HTT gene (Raymond, et al., 2011). The HTT gene serves as an instruction template for the protein huntingtin. The exact function of huntingtin is, however, unknown but it is proposed to play a role foetal development before birth, and also has a role in nerve cells (NIH, 2015). HD is a progressive disorder characterised by unwanted choreatic movements. Pathophysiology The expanded CAG repeat produces an extended polyglutamine tail on the huntingtin protein, and this causes the protein to cleavage and also generate toxic fragments (Jankovic Ashizawa, 2008). The polyglutamine content in the toxic fragments prompts cross-linking, and this forms aggregates that are resistant to degradation, and also causes interference with various normal cellular functions, predominantly mitochondrial energy metabolism, disrupted calcium signalling, abnormal protein interactions, transcriptional dysregulation of a variety of genes, alterations in axonal transportation of critical factors, autophagy, and altered proteasomal functioning (Zuccato, et al., 2010; Johnson Davidson, 2010). A reduction in the level of wild-type huntingtin has not shown to be contributing to the disease, it, however, magnifies the adverse effects of the generated fragments. The disease primarily affects the striatum, and the clinical presentation is primarily as a result of the damage (mainly cell loss and gliosis), include behaviour changes, cognitive impairment, and loss of coordination (Jankovic Ashizawa, 2008). Additionally, further pathological changes are also evidenced in several other cortical and sub-cortical structures (Rosas, et al., 2008). The hallmark feature of Huntingtons disease (chorea), results from striatal dysfunction. This pathological process is the most accepted and as a result, therapeutic interventions are being designed to improve mitochondrial function, facilitate retardation of apoptosis, enhance autophagic consumption of mutant proteins, block the cleavage of huntingtin at the sites that produce the toxic fragments, and also improve cell-cell interactions (Hannan, 2005). Existing treatments Drug therapy Neuroleptics such as haloperidol (typical) and olanzapine (atypical), benzodiazepines the monoamine-depleting agent tetrabenazine are used to suppress choreic movements (Huntington Study Group, 2006). While psychiatric disturbances that include depression are managed using psychotropic and antiepileptic agents (Frank, 2014) However, pharmacological treatment is only limited to the treatment of signs and symptoms and cannot change the disease development or progression (Killoran Biglan, 2014). Further, chorea may be exacerbated by L-dopa containing compounds (Warby, et al., 2014) Non-medication interventions Persons suffering from Huntingtons disease require psychotherapy from a psychotherapist to help in the management of behavioural problems, help the patient in developing coping strategies, and also manage the patients expectations through the disease progression. Speech therapy and physical therapy may also be indicated because HD can impair the control of muscles. A speech therapist will help the patient improve their ability to speak clearly, or in the use of communication devices. Physical therapy will help the patient enhance coordination, balance, flexibility, and strength. Persons with HD also require supportive care with special attention to nursing, diet, special equipment, emotional support, counselling, practical help and relief in forms such as state and federal benefits (Williams, et al., 2009). The primary inadequacy of non-pharmacological treatment is that it cannot be used as the primary treatment in the treatment of HD, but rather as secondary. Surgical treatment Surgical treatment plays a minimal role in HD. Surgical interventions are basically in the experimental phase and they include ablative surgery and cell transplantation (Demeestere Vandenberghe, 2010). These interventions show some promise but their efficacy has not been fully demonstrated. The primary advantage of surgical interventions is the possibility that they can modify the course of the disease. On the other hand, the primary disadvantage is that these procedures are that for the treatment of a widespread disease such as Huntingtons disease, the effects of the surgery tend to be confined to the local region where it is performed (Demeestere Vandenberghe, 2010). The impact on the individual health system of the disease and treatment Research on the economic cost of HD has not been well studied. There are only two notable studies on the same, one being conducted in the US (Divino, et al., 2013), and another in Europe (Busse, et al., 2011). The authors also claim that the primary cost in HD is the primary healthcare component. From the two studies, it is evident that the direct economic burden of the condition is substantial and it increases as the disease progresses. In 2013, the estimated cost for the treatment of an HD patient was $4,947 in the early HD stage, and this rises to $22,582 in the late stage, whereas in the UK, the earliest stages cost approximately 2250 per person and 89 760 in the later stages (Jones, et al., 2016). Other than the direct economic cost, HD has a significant impact on both the individual and their family. The onset of the diseases signs and symptoms is 35-45 years (Vamos, et al., 2007). This is the period when the family-life cycle is most complex, as characterised by childbearing and rearing and career development. The family suffers a great deal of distress and grief in the sense that they have to mourn those who have passed on and anticipated further losses for those who will die. Overall burden of disease It is estimated that 5 to 7 persons per 100,000 are affected by HD in the Western Countries (Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017). This is however not in the case as some regions of Western Europe have no HD whereas the concentration is quite high in others as evidenced in Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela where the prevalence is approximately 700 per 100,000 (Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017). As per the Australian Huntington's Disease Association, in Australia, approximately 1,800 people have the condition whereas another 9,000 are at risk. Its prevalence in Australia has been evidenced to increase at 15-20% per decade (Rawlins, et al., 2016). In the UK, it is estimated that 12 out of every 1000, 000 people are affected (Evans, et al., 2013), whereas in the US, 7 out of every 100,000 persons are at risk of developing the condition (Rawlins, et al., 2016). According to Rawlins et al., the lowest rates of HD are seen among Asians. References Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017. How Common Is Huntington's Disease (HD)?. [Online] Available at: https://www.huntingtonsnsw.org.au/information/hd-facts/how-common[Accessed 18 September 2017]. Busse, M. et al., 2011. Utilisation of Healthcare and Associated Services in Huntington's disease: a data mining study.. PLoS Curr. , 21(3), p. RRN1206. Demeestere, J. Vandenberghe, W., 2010. Experimental Surgical Therapies for Huntingtons Disease. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 17(6), pp. 705-713. Divino, V. et al., 2013. The direct medical costs of Huntington's disease by stage. A retrospective commercial and Medicaid claims data analysis.. J Med Econ., 16(8), pp. 1043-50. Evans, S. et al., 2013. Prevalence of adult Huntington's disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 84(10), pp. 1156-60. Frank, S., 2014. Treatment of Huntingtons Disease. Neurotherapeutics, 11(1), pp. 153-160. Hannan, A. J., 2005. Novel therapeutic targets for Huntington's disease.. Expert Opin Ther Targets., 9(4), pp. 639-50. 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