The Relativism of Ethics - 2162 Words

Relativism of Ethics The question of ethics and what is considered to be ethical can be a difficult one to explain. There are many situations where right and wrong or black and white distinctions are perceptible. The right thing to do in the situation is easily able to be discerned, though it may not be the easiest thing to do. However, this particular state of affairs is the far rarer of the potential occasions. More often than not, trying to determine what is the right and/or wrong choice in a given situation is difficult, if not impossible. Usually the world is not divided into categorizations wherein things can be broken down into either good or bad, right or wrong, black or white. Times occur in life wherein a person will be met with the opportunity to make a choice between two options, of which the morally right or wrong thing may be difficult to ascertain. There will be times when the right or wrong thing will not be as obvious as one would like it to be. Sometimes an honest action will be unprofi table and thus unpleasant and it can be difficult for the individual to be willing to make that correct choice. Having said all this, the next question becomes how is right and wrong determined? The crux of relativism is the idea that morals are relative. This means that what is categorized as right or wrong is relative to the psychology of the society in which that morality exists. Philosophers who prescribe to the concept of relativism believed that right and wrongShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Care And Relativism1370 Words   |  6 Pagescritical decisions. The two ethical systems I relate to are, ethics of care and relativism. Ethics of care is an ethical system which focuses on preserving and enriching relationships while also meeting the needs of others (Pollock, 2015). While relativism is an ethical system explains how what is deemed right and wrong changes based on an individual or groups belief (Pollock, 2015). Based on the characteristics of ethics of care and relativism, these relate to my personal beliefs, as well as, I haveRead MoreMoral Relativism and Normative Ethics717 Words   |  3 PagesMoral Relativism and Normative Ethics Normative ethics encompasses the study of moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. British philosopher W.D. Ross emphasizes prima facie duties. Ross argues that our duties are part of the fundamental nature of the universe. Ross claims his list of duties reflects our actual moral convictions. 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One thing that is helpful for analyzing ethical systems is looking at the system through the lense of different ethical situations. Since this article lacks this feature, we will be looking at the definition of ethical relativism in the case of Sl avery to help show the problems that occur with this system. We will begin by summarizingRead MoreRelativism : Cultural Relativism And Individual Relativism843 Words   |  4 PagesRelativism is the concept which show that there is no absolute truth in morality, only the truth that particular individual or cultures happen to believe. In other words, the definition of moral depends on a person’s culture, society or his or her group of people. If you believe in relativism, then you think different people can have different views about the question: what is moral and immoral? Likewise, everyone have to choose upon his or her ethics because there are no absolutes. 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Law IT Singapore

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3854 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Issue of Intellectual Property Protection From the previous assignment, we have look into the cases involving McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise PTE LTD, we have also introduced the basic intellectual property laws and how they are inter-related to one another. In this assignment, we will analyze the Singapore Laws that is related to the cases involved, and then we will provide recommendation to give our client a better idea of the rules and regulations they should abide. Summary of the cases McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise PTE LTD, core-operating unit of Food Empire Holding Limited, are involved in two law cases during the period of 2003 to 2007. McDonald lost the first case in 2003 as the mark used by Future Enterprise is visually different from McDonald Corporation. Furthermore, Future Enterprise has its eagle device while McDonald Corporation has its golden archer. Therefore, the color scheme, font, and typeface on the mark of the Future Enterprise is very different from the one used by McDonald Corporation. McDonald Corporation sued Future Enterprise again in 2005 for amending the logo of MacCoffee by dropping the eagle device. McDonald Corporation has won this court case against Future Enterprise as there is a higher chance of confusion that will occur in the public and both products names are relate to coffee beverages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law IT Singapore | Law Dissertations" essay for you Create order Both cases mentioned above are inter-related with each other as both cases involved the Intellectual Property Law of Trade Mark Act (TMA) where s15 of the TMA is highly emphasized. In the midst of both cases, both McDonald Corporation and Future Enterprise have made various appeals to the cases and this shows that both companies have the great intention and desires to protect their own trademarks. The connection between both cases shows that McDonald wanted to monopolize their trademark as far as food and beverages were concerned. Future Enterprise which also wanted to conserve its right of the prefix Mac in the same industry tried its best to maintain its position. Description and Analyze of the Singapore Law Involved In the case study, the Singapore Law that involved is mainly the Trademark and Passing off laws under the Intellectual Property Law. The laws involved can be classified into two main categories of Common Law and Statute Law. Statute Law Involved: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 1 for definition of Statute Law) The Statute Laws that are applicable in the following case are Section 12(1), Section 15 and Section 23(1) of the Trade Marks Act (Cap 332, 1992 Rev Ed). Below are the descriptions of the different section of laws involved and the reasons why it is involved: Section 12(1): Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him who is desirous of registering it shall apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner for registration in Part A or B of the register. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that Future Enterprises marks were not made in good faith as it has adopted a naming convention of using the prefix Mac follows by a food or beverage descriptive. This is similar to McDonald Corporation naming convention for their products, which McDonald Corporation feels that Future Enterprise is making use of similar naming convention to promote their products. Section 15: It shall not be lawful to register as a trade mark or part of a trade mark any matter the use of which would, by reason of its being likely to deceive or cause confusion or otherwise, be disentitled to protection in a court of justice, or would be contrary to law or morality, or any scandalous design. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that the naming convention and the using of the prefix Mac adopted by Future Enterprise would likely to deceive or cause confusion among the public. McDonald Corporation feels that the consumers may be misled thinking that Future Enterprises mark is a series of mark belonging to McDonald Corporation. Section 23(1): Except as provided by section 25, no trade mark shall be registered in respect of any goods or description of goods that is identical with or nearly resembles a trade mark belonging to a different proprietor and already on the register in respect of: The same goods; The same description of goods; or Services or a description of services, which are associated with those goods or goods of that description. Reason: McDonald Corporation claims that Future Enterprises mark is identical and has a near resembled to their trademark. McDonald Corporation also claims that Future Enterprises marks are associated with their goods in respect of restaurant and catering services as McDonald Corporation regards Food and Beverages is associated with hotel or restaurant service. Common Law Involved: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 2 for definition of Common Law) There are quite a number of Common Laws involved in our case study, we will look into the major cases that are referred to in corresponding to the different sections of Trade Mark Act that are involved. (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 3 for other cases referred (Common Laws)) Case refers corresponding to Section 12: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 4 for the summary of the case) Tiffany Co v Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA [1999] 3 SLR 147 (folld) McDonald Corporation referred to the mentioned case as a support to enhance the claim that Future Enterprises mark is not made in good faith, claiming that Future Enterprise was making use of the prefix Mac to promote their products to the public through the association to McDonald Corporation. Case refers corresponding to Section 15: (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 4 for the summary of the case) McDonalds Corporation v McBagels Inc (85 Civ 7868, 10 December 1986) (refd) McDonald Corporation referred to the mentioned case as a support to enhance the claim that using the prefix Mc or Mac as a naming convention will result confusion in the public to think that Future Enterprises products that has the name mark of Mac is associated to McDonald. Dispute and Resolution Mechanism: Singapore has its own hierarchy of Courts when dealing with Criminal and Civil Law. (Refer to appendices Section A, A: 5 for the diagram of Singapores hierarchy of Courts) Singapore Law system is very strict and serious to trade mark offences, it has imposed a fine of up to $100,000 and/or imprisonment for a maximum term of 5 years for criminal liability in infringement act. For civil infringement, the court can award statutory damages of up to $1million. Usually, the High Court in the hierarchy of Singapore Court system will deal with intellectual property disputes and infringement. Referring to the Case Study, the case is dealt in High Court but due to appeal, the case is later brought into the Court of Appeal in resolving the case. Laws and their relevancy to the case Relevant laws and their application: Under s12(1) of the Act that the respondents claim to proprietorship of the three marks was not made in good faith as it had copied the common distinctive prefix of the appellants family of marks, namely, Mc; Under s15 of the Act that the registration of the three marks would likely deceive or cause confusion to the public; and Under s23(1) of the Act that the application marks were identical with or nearly resembled the trade marks belonging to the appellant. Fairness and unfairness: First case: (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 1 for Scenario of first case) It was decided in the first case that McDonald was unable to stop Future Enterprise form producing their products due to infringements of trademarks. I believed that the decision was fair as many evidence was provided to prove that Future Enterprise had made an effort to make their products distinctive to prevent confusion to the public. The evidence, from the article says that the products Future Enterprise produced were packaged with an eagle logo and it was sold mainly at NTUC FairPrice and Mustafa supermarkets in Singapore. This evidence enhances the point that Future Enterprise and McDonald were selling products targeted at different audiences from different markets. Furthermore, the article also showed that Future Enterprise has had its own product logos and color schemes different from McDonald. This point further showed that the marks were different whether it is in the aspects of appearance, sound or concept. Thus, it proves that customers/consumers had more ways to differentiate between the products of these 2 organizations, which further enhance the fairness of the judgment for this case. Last but not least, McDonald further protested that it had spent millions of dollars to create goodwill for it Mc series of marks, but evidence showed from the article says that Future Enterprise had also spent substantial time and resources in order to gain recognition from global market leaders. Therefore, it is fair to say that Future Enterprise did not cause loss whether in goodwill or financial damages, thus I think it is fair to say that fair judgment were made in this case. Second case: (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 2 for Scenario of second case) In the second case, Future Enterprise was brought up to court by McDonald again as they wanted to update their product design by dropping off their eagle logo. McDonald felt that their marks and naming conventions would be relatively similar which could cause confusion if Future Enterprise were to take out the distinctive eagle logo. Evidence from the article says that the two names sounded and looked too alike, and a substantial amount of average Singaporean would be confused with these two products. And also, the concept too was proved to be similar whether it is the products they are selling or the locations that they are selling the products. But, in our own opinion, we felt that there was unfairness presented in this judgment. In the first Court case between McDonald and Future Enterprise, it was judged that there were too many differences between McDonald and Future Enterprise whether it is in their logo, the products they sells or the audience they targeted. Thus, MacCoffee was able to be registered as a trademark and McDonalds appeal were dismissed. Yet, in the second court case, Future Enterprise loses the chance for its MacCoffee to be registered as a trademark name as they decided to drop their distinctive eagle logo. The first case stated that there were unanimous decisions in believing that products from Future Enterprise were not similar, whether in visual, sounds or concept, in comparison with products from McDonald. And also, evidence from the first case stated that the audience they targeted was remarkably different and the products they sold were also different. The judgment of the second case said that their marks were too similar and it would cause confusion after they drop the eagle logo. The appeals were dismissed with $10,000 payment made from Future Enterprise to McDonald. We felt that this judgment were unfair as there were contradictions which existed within this two cases. The products they sold were relatively different, ready-to-drink beverages from McCafe, and 3-in-1 coffee mix from MacCoffee. This presented a huge contrast between the products sold by the 2 organizations. Also, since it was decided in the first court case that the logos, type font, color schemes and targeted audiences were different for products of this 2 organizations, it should be brought up in the second case too in order to ensure fairness in this case. Thus they should take it into consideration of all these differences in the second court case rather than just concentrating on the similarities caused by the removed logos. Steps to further protect intellectual property rights For McDonald Corporation: Increase the monopolization of the prefix Mc into other service area that their business might want to expand into or have influence on. This is because the use of Mc is only subjected to McDonald in hotel and restaurant service and they might consider the use of this prefix into other service area thus, McDonald can maintain the rights of this prefix in other areas and future companies wont make use of the prefix in the same service area. For Food Empire Holdings: Food Empire Holdings could distinguish itself to McDonalds on the MacCoffee and McCafe by using back their earlier registered mark which appears below an eagle device, on its coffee products. This eagle device can play a part in determining whether the application mark is the same as McDonalds. (Refer to appendices Section B, B: 1 for the picture of Food Empire packaging) Recommendation As a consultant engaged by a big advertising company Do-It-Right Limited, we are responsible to report on the state of intellectual property protection in Singapore and to generally advise them whether there is an inherent and prevailing culture that respects other persons intellectual property rights. Thus, to start with it, we will recommend Do-It-Right Limited Company to advice their multinational clients to understand their own country intellectual property laws and the procedures of registering the trademark. In Singapore Intellectual Property Law, it is categorized into 6 main areas of: Copyright and Neighboring Rights, Industrial Designs, Patents, Confidential Information/Trade Secrets, Trade Marks and Passing Off. These are the 6 main areas under that Intellectual Property Law where the client ought to have a general knowledge of as understanding the laws in each area will be able to help clients to know the ways or methods to safeguard their intellectual properties by knowing which the areas of laws they should look into. To further protect clients intellectual property rights, it is a best advice for client to register their product. For Example: If an organization know that their property or design can be register under the Trademark protection, it is best to register in order to be under law of protection instead of limited protection. This is to ensure when an issue arise of a rival company copying the organization product or design. Organization in this case can use passing off law to protect their rights but this will result them to have limit law of protection if they fail to register their product design. Moreover, Trademark Law offer a great degree of protection comparing to Passing Off Law as Passing off Law require the breaching of Goodwill, Misrepresentations and Damage in order for the Law to take into consideration or effect. Thus in conclusion, it is important for Client to register their product or design under the Intellectual Property Law of protection to have more coverage of protection Lastly, we will also advice them to research on their competitors logo and name to avoid any misinterpretation and misunderstand of their own logo and name to their competitors. It is strongly recommended to use a unique and distinct design for their logo and name, which will lessen the chances of their competitors imitating their name and logo. Conclusion Through our case study on Mc Donald Corporation and Future Enterprise, we have a deep understanding about Intellectual Property Law in Singapore and how it can truly save guard our own personal property. We are also able to analyze the cases and discuss whether the Singapore Courts had made a right judgment. We had gained knowledge of Singapore Courts dealing with cases that involved the Intellectual Property Rights and know the importance of Intellectual Property that under the coverage of law to protect the important asset of an organization. References 1McDonalds Corp v Future Enterprises Pte Ltd https://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/46507.html 2Food Empire Holdings Ltd https://www.food-empire.com/corp1.htm 3 McDonalds Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds 4 Welcome to McDonalds https://www.mcdonalds.com/ 5 McDonalds Singapore https://www.mcdonalds.com.sg/history.htm 6 Singapore Intellectual Property Law#section5 https://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/iplaw2.html#section5 7 Trademark Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark 8 Passing off Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_off 9 McDonalds Corp v Future Enterprises Pte Ltd https://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/46507.html 10 Rules of Court https://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/data/doc/ManagePage/97/roc_o87.htm Appendices Extra Information Section A: A: 1 Statute Law Statue Law is written law that is created by governing authority like the parliament in the form of legislation to state out the civil order of the country and to implement and clarify the policies and operations of the government. Statute Law is also the law that state the consequences or punishments for committing a certain criminal or civil crime such as the Trademark Act or Passing off Act; new law can be introduced and existing law can be taken away in order to accommodate to the nation. A: 2 Common Law Common Law is unstated or unwritten law that is created by judges through court decisions. The decisions made by the judges on current case will depend on the decisions made in similar previous cases that took place. In other word, similar infringements and disputes, that have taken place in previous cases, will result the current case to follow the decisions and reasoning that being used. Common Law system is complicated, as the de cisions made in previous cases will affect the law in future cases and is totally distinguish from Statute Law. Moreover, the decisions made are bounded within a limited given jurisdiction. E.g. Decisions made in higher court such as Court of Appeal will affect the decisions in lower court. A: 3 Case(s) referred to (Common Law): Australian Woollen Mills Limited v F S Walton and Company Limited [1937] 58 CLR 641 (refd) Auvi Pte Ltd v Seah Siew Tee [1992] 1 SLR 639 (folld) Bali Trade Mark [1969] RPC 472 (refd) Beck Koller Company (England) Limited, In the Matter of an Application by [1947] 64 RPC 76 (fold) Brown Shoe Company Inc, Application by [1959] RPC 29 (folld) Carnival Cruise Lines Inc v Sitmar Cruises Ltd [1994] 120 ALR 495 (folld) Compatibility Research Ltd v Computer Psyche Company Ltd [1967] FSR 63 (refd) Future enterprise Pte Ltd v Tong Seng Produce Pte Ltd [1998] 1 SLR 1012 (refd) Genette Trade Mark [1968] RPC 148 (folld) Harrods Limited v Harrodian School Limited [1996] RPC 697 (refd) Karu Pty Ltd v Jose [1994] 30 IPR 407 (folld) Kellogg Co v Pacific Food Products Sdn Bhd [1999] 2 SLR 651 (folld) Lever Brothers Ltd v Bedingfield [1899] 16 RPC 3 (folld) Lifestyle 1.99 Pte Ltd v S$1.99 Pte Ltd [2000] 2 SLR 766 (folld) McDonalds Corporation v McBagels Inc (85 Civ 7868, 10 December 1986) (refd) McIndians, In the matter of an application to register the mark (UK Patent Office 16 August 1996)(refd) McMint, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 7 November 1997) (folld) McSalad and McFresh, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 1 May 2000) (not folld) McVeg, Opposition by McDonalds Corporation to the registration of the trademark (Australian Trade Mark Office, 10 November 1997) (folld) PB Foods Ltd v Malanda DairyFoods Ltd (1999) 47 IPR 47 (distd) Pianotist Company, In the Matter of an Application by (1906) 23 RPC 774 (folld) SEMIGRES Trade Mark [1979] RPC 330 (folld) Shell Co of Australia Ltd v Esso Standard Oil (Australia) Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 407 (folld) Shell Co of Australian Ltd v Rohm Haas Co (1949) 78 CLR 601 (refd) Smith, Hayden Coy Ld, In the Matter of an Application by (1946) 63 RPC 97 (refd) Soldan Holding + Bonbonspezialitaeten GmbH, Re Application by (Singapore Trade Marks Registry, 20 July 2001) (refd) Sports CafÃÆ'Â © Ltd b Registrar of Trade Marks (1998) 42 IPR 552 (folld) Super Coffeemix Manufacturing Ltd v Unico Trading Pte Ltd [2000] 3 SLR 145 (folld) Tiffany Co v Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA [1999] 3 SLR 147 (folld) UNIMAX Trade Mark [1979] RPC 469 (folld) Vitamins Lds Application, In the Matter of [1956] RPC 1 (folld) Wagamama Ltd v City Center Restaurants plc [1995] FSR 713 (refd) Yuen Yu Kwan Frank v McDonalds Corporation [2001] WL 1422899 (refd) A:4 Summary of cases for Common Laws Summary of Case refers corresponding to Section 12: Tiffany Co opposed the registration of the mark Tiffany by Fabriques de Tabac Reunies SA on cigarettes though; Tiffany Co has no monopoly in cigarettes industries. This may results in confusion as the entire word mark Tiffany was being copied over and the public might think that the cigarettes sold is produced or has connection to Tiffany Co upon seeing the Tiffany band of cigarettes. Summary of Case refers corresponding to Section 15: McDonald Corporation objected the use of McBagel in bagel bakery restaurant, as it would create confusion in public that people might think that McBagel is somehow associated with McDonald Corporation. Moreover, a survey was conducted and numerous people believed that McBagel was associated to McDonald Corporation due to the use of the prefix Mc. A.5 Diagram of Singapores hierarchy of Courts Section B: B: 1 Scenario of first case: McDonald had wanted to stop listed Future Enterprises from distributing products named MacNoodles, MacTea and MacChocolate. However, the court of appeal decided in a unanimous decision that the three trademarks were not deceptively similar to McDonalds Mac or Mc prefix. Thus in this case, the laws of protecting trademarks did not help McDonald to stop Future Enterprise from distributing their products, and also Future Enterprise were able to win this case as they did not breach the law of passing off. B: 2 Scenario of Second case: The dispute continues as Future Enterprise, a subsidiary and core unit of listed Food Empire Holding decided to updates it product design, MacCoffee to drop its original eagle design. McDonald objected as the similarity now existed when Future Enterprise decides to take out its distinct eagle design. After objection arose, Future Enterprise appealed for the MacCoffee brand to be registered as trademark, which in the end the appeal was dismissed. The laws of protecting trademark in this case were being carried out. MacCoffee were not distinct enough to be registered as a trademark, thus the appeal was dismissed. Also, after removing the eagle design, it was judged that goodwill was breach in terms of causing confusion to the public with similar products. Thus McDonald had successfully won this case with the appeal and Future Enterprise appeals were all dismissed and they were to pay a sum of $10,000 to McDonald to cover their loss. Section C: C: 1 Pictures of Food Empire MacCoffe packaging Old Packaging New Packaging Schedule of Meeting Date Discussion 28th May 2008 Analyze the cases Facts Inter-relationship Tasks allocated to each of the members 30th May 2008 Discuss the research done Singapore Laws (Statute Law Common Law) Singapore Courts Intellectual Property Rights Started the report writing 5th June 2008 Continuation of the report Modification of report Error Checking Rephrasing 9th June 2008 Finalization of the report Work Plan 3.1 Description of Assignment The objective for this final report gives us more understanding of the Singapore Laws that can be applied to these two cases. We are able to apply our basic knowledge learned in the lecture to discuss whether the cases had been judge fairly. 3.2 Team Members Nur Afidah Binte Afandi, Mark Heng Kok Hoong, Teo Lay Hoon, Goh Kok Jui Kelvin, Chai Guo Wei Problems encountered and Solutions 4.1 Problem: Time Consume Solution: Planning out the schedule what we should do first and what should we do next helps to cut down the time wastage.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay †“Farm Girl” Free Essays

Is today’s society getting too lax with their children? Why are parents not giving their children chores? What are kids lacking by not being held accountable? What happens when children do not have responsibilities at a younger age? My rhetorical analysis is focused on the short memoir â€Å"Farm Girl† from Jessica Hemauer who vividly paints you as the reader a picture of what it was like growing up on the farm and the effect it had on her life. This piece is one for the masses. The way Hemauer’s memory of growing up on the farm is written could be for a wide range of people to comprehend. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis Essay – â€Å"Farm Girl† or any similar topic only for you Order Now She more than likely wrote this memoir for an audience that had gone through trying times or at the time are currently going through times that are getting them down to see that those times do not always have to be a bad thing; it can be a good thing as well. With it being titled â€Å"Farm Girl†, being so easy to follow and an interesting piece to read Hemauer attracted far more than she intended. It could be read by anyone that is interested about what it is like growing up on a farm or what chores may do for their child and many more as well. In the audience’s face right from the begging with intense details, Hemauer has the attention of the reader, because like myself, most individuals in today’s world couldn’t even fathom wanting to get up nor waking their ten year old child up at 5 A. M. Her use of emotional details in the explanation of how hard it is to get up and how even if she is to argue with her father it won’t get her anywhere makes the reader feel sorry for her. Though it is common place for her siblings and herself they don’t enjoy doing it as described by Jessica â€Å"As we dress, not a single word is spoken because we all feel the same way, â€Å"I hate this! †Ã¢â‚¬ (Hemauer, 2011, p. 113). Without this explanation from her, most people could logically gather that a group of children would never be enthusiastic about waking early to do work on a farm nor any work at all for that matter. Hemauer then goes on to describe their duties on the farm before going to school, how she feels at school when she has nothing to talk about at lunch and how she yearns to be involved in sports and clubs at school â€Å"not being able to participate in school activities like my friends makes me feel left out and depressed† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 115). Appealing to the reader ethically Hemauer expresses what a large portion of kids in school want to do and be a part of cause they get to spend more time with friends and be part of something bigger than themselves. Finally, Hemauer is allowed to participate in basketball but must still complete her chores which she is willing to comply with â€Å"In eighth grade I really want to play basketball, and after begging and pleading with my parents, they finally say I can join the team as long as I continue to help with chores in the morning before school and after practice† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 115). Though it is tough and causes her to fall asleep in classes sometimes, she manages to do both. Thankfully, only for a short time, then her father decides to hire help due to the farm growing so large and realizing how much his children have given up over the years. Though at the time it is unknown to her how the experience had affected her life, later she reflects on the adult she became because of it â€Å"Each day of my life there are times when I reflect back to working on the farm† (Hemauer, 2011, p. 117). How Hemauer conveys her memoir and looks back on her childhood, shows us how valuable chores can be to a child despite how much they dislike doing them. A large percent of today’s youth lacks the drive or ambition to push their selves because they unlike Hemauer have not had the responsibilities of such magnitude nor any bestowed upon them. In earlier generations, children and adolescents were given meaningful opportunities to be responsible by contributing not only to their households but also to their larger communities,† said Markella Rutherford, assistant professor of sociology at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and author of the new study, Children’s Autonomy and Responsibility: An Analysis of Child Rear ing Advice (Lack of household chores making children less responsible, claims survey, 2009). Chores used to be the social norm and without them a child misses out on learning valuable life skills. Chores allow children an early and sustained opportunity to experience responsibility. Independence and self-sufficiency in life are tied, ultimately, to mastery of two types of responsibility: personal responsibility and social responsibility† (Rowland, 2000, Brown University Child Adolescent Behavior Letter, 16(6), 1). Though it can said many times, different ways that chores can help your child it is also said that you should never ask your child to do something hat you yourself wouldn’t do and they should be used by busy parents to spend more quality time with their child. Essentially helping both the child grow from the responsibilities and allowing the parent to spend more time with the child. References Jessica Hemauer (2011) Farm Girl. In Roen, D, Glau, and Maid,B (Ed s) The McGraw-Hill Guide Writing for college, Writing for life. (Pg. 113-117) Boston, MH: Mcgraw Hill P. Barrett, R. (2000). Assigned chores help teach social, personal responsibility. Brown University Child Adolescent Behavior Letter, 16(6), 1. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis Essay – â€Å"Farm Girl†, Essay examples

Huntington’s Disease Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Huntingtons Disease. Answer: Huntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurogenerative disorder resulting from the unstable expansion of the CAG trinucleotide in the HTT gene (Raymond, et al., 2011). The HTT gene serves as an instruction template for the protein huntingtin. The exact function of huntingtin is, however, unknown but it is proposed to play a role foetal development before birth, and also has a role in nerve cells (NIH, 2015). HD is a progressive disorder characterised by unwanted choreatic movements. Pathophysiology The expanded CAG repeat produces an extended polyglutamine tail on the huntingtin protein, and this causes the protein to cleavage and also generate toxic fragments (Jankovic Ashizawa, 2008). The polyglutamine content in the toxic fragments prompts cross-linking, and this forms aggregates that are resistant to degradation, and also causes interference with various normal cellular functions, predominantly mitochondrial energy metabolism, disrupted calcium signalling, abnormal protein interactions, transcriptional dysregulation of a variety of genes, alterations in axonal transportation of critical factors, autophagy, and altered proteasomal functioning (Zuccato, et al., 2010; Johnson Davidson, 2010). A reduction in the level of wild-type huntingtin has not shown to be contributing to the disease, it, however, magnifies the adverse effects of the generated fragments. The disease primarily affects the striatum, and the clinical presentation is primarily as a result of the damage (mainly cell loss and gliosis), include behaviour changes, cognitive impairment, and loss of coordination (Jankovic Ashizawa, 2008). Additionally, further pathological changes are also evidenced in several other cortical and sub-cortical structures (Rosas, et al., 2008). The hallmark feature of Huntingtons disease (chorea), results from striatal dysfunction. This pathological process is the most accepted and as a result, therapeutic interventions are being designed to improve mitochondrial function, facilitate retardation of apoptosis, enhance autophagic consumption of mutant proteins, block the cleavage of huntingtin at the sites that produce the toxic fragments, and also improve cell-cell interactions (Hannan, 2005). Existing treatments Drug therapy Neuroleptics such as haloperidol (typical) and olanzapine (atypical), benzodiazepines the monoamine-depleting agent tetrabenazine are used to suppress choreic movements (Huntington Study Group, 2006). While psychiatric disturbances that include depression are managed using psychotropic and antiepileptic agents (Frank, 2014) However, pharmacological treatment is only limited to the treatment of signs and symptoms and cannot change the disease development or progression (Killoran Biglan, 2014). Further, chorea may be exacerbated by L-dopa containing compounds (Warby, et al., 2014) Non-medication interventions Persons suffering from Huntingtons disease require psychotherapy from a psychotherapist to help in the management of behavioural problems, help the patient in developing coping strategies, and also manage the patients expectations through the disease progression. Speech therapy and physical therapy may also be indicated because HD can impair the control of muscles. A speech therapist will help the patient improve their ability to speak clearly, or in the use of communication devices. Physical therapy will help the patient enhance coordination, balance, flexibility, and strength. Persons with HD also require supportive care with special attention to nursing, diet, special equipment, emotional support, counselling, practical help and relief in forms such as state and federal benefits (Williams, et al., 2009). The primary inadequacy of non-pharmacological treatment is that it cannot be used as the primary treatment in the treatment of HD, but rather as secondary. Surgical treatment Surgical treatment plays a minimal role in HD. Surgical interventions are basically in the experimental phase and they include ablative surgery and cell transplantation (Demeestere Vandenberghe, 2010). These interventions show some promise but their efficacy has not been fully demonstrated. The primary advantage of surgical interventions is the possibility that they can modify the course of the disease. On the other hand, the primary disadvantage is that these procedures are that for the treatment of a widespread disease such as Huntingtons disease, the effects of the surgery tend to be confined to the local region where it is performed (Demeestere Vandenberghe, 2010). The impact on the individual health system of the disease and treatment Research on the economic cost of HD has not been well studied. There are only two notable studies on the same, one being conducted in the US (Divino, et al., 2013), and another in Europe (Busse, et al., 2011). The authors also claim that the primary cost in HD is the primary healthcare component. From the two studies, it is evident that the direct economic burden of the condition is substantial and it increases as the disease progresses. In 2013, the estimated cost for the treatment of an HD patient was $4,947 in the early HD stage, and this rises to $22,582 in the late stage, whereas in the UK, the earliest stages cost approximately 2250 per person and 89 760 in the later stages (Jones, et al., 2016). Other than the direct economic cost, HD has a significant impact on both the individual and their family. The onset of the diseases signs and symptoms is 35-45 years (Vamos, et al., 2007). This is the period when the family-life cycle is most complex, as characterised by childbearing and rearing and career development. The family suffers a great deal of distress and grief in the sense that they have to mourn those who have passed on and anticipated further losses for those who will die. Overall burden of disease It is estimated that 5 to 7 persons per 100,000 are affected by HD in the Western Countries (Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017). This is however not in the case as some regions of Western Europe have no HD whereas the concentration is quite high in others as evidenced in Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela where the prevalence is approximately 700 per 100,000 (Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017). As per the Australian Huntington's Disease Association, in Australia, approximately 1,800 people have the condition whereas another 9,000 are at risk. Its prevalence in Australia has been evidenced to increase at 15-20% per decade (Rawlins, et al., 2016). In the UK, it is estimated that 12 out of every 1000, 000 people are affected (Evans, et al., 2013), whereas in the US, 7 out of every 100,000 persons are at risk of developing the condition (Rawlins, et al., 2016). According to Rawlins et al., the lowest rates of HD are seen among Asians. References Australian Huntington's Disease Association, 2017. How Common Is Huntington's Disease (HD)?. [Online] Available at: https://www.huntingtonsnsw.org.au/information/hd-facts/how-common[Accessed 18 September 2017]. Busse, M. et al., 2011. Utilisation of Healthcare and Associated Services in Huntington's disease: a data mining study.. PLoS Curr. , 21(3), p. RRN1206. Demeestere, J. Vandenberghe, W., 2010. Experimental Surgical Therapies for Huntingtons Disease. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 17(6), pp. 705-713. Divino, V. et al., 2013. The direct medical costs of Huntington's disease by stage. A retrospective commercial and Medicaid claims data analysis.. J Med Econ., 16(8), pp. 1043-50. Evans, S. et al., 2013. Prevalence of adult Huntington's disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 84(10), pp. 1156-60. Frank, S., 2014. Treatment of Huntingtons Disease. Neurotherapeutics, 11(1), pp. 153-160. Hannan, A. J., 2005. Novel therapeutic targets for Huntington's disease.. Expert Opin Ther Targets., 9(4), pp. 639-50. Huntington Study Group, 2006. Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial.. Neurology, 66(3), pp. 366-72. Jankovic, J. Ashizawa, T., 2008. Huntington's disease.. In: J. Noweworthy, ed. Neurological Therapeutics: Principles and Practice. London: Martin Dunitz, pp. 2550-2561. Johnson, C. D. Davidson, B. L., 2010. Huntington's disease: progress toward effective disease-modifying treatments and a cure. Human Molecular Genetics, 19(R1), p. R98R102. Jones, C. et al., 2016. The societal cost of Huntington's disease: are we underestimating the burden?. Eur J Neurol., 23(10), p. 15881590. Killoran, A. Biglan, K., 2014. Current therapeutic options for Huntington's disease: good clinical practice versus evidence-based approaches?. Mov Disord, 29(11), pp. 1404-13. NIH, 2015. HTT gene. [Online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HTT [Accessed 19 September 2017]. Rawlins, M. et al., 2016. The Prevalence of Huntington's Disease.. Neuroepidemiology, 46(2), pp. 144-53. Raymond, L. A. et al., 2011. Pathophysiology of Huntingtons Disease: Time-Dependent Alterations in Synaptic and Receptor Function. Neuroscience, 15(198), pp. 252-273. Rosas, H. D. et al., 2008. Cerebral cortex and the clinical expression of Huntington's disease: complexity and heterogeneity.. Brain, 131(4), pp. 1057-1068. Vamos, M., Hambridge, J., Edwards, M. Conaghan, J., 2007. The Impact of Huntingtons Disease on Family Life. Psychosomatics, 48(5), pp. 400-405. Warby, S. C., Graham, R. K. Hayden, M. R., 2014. Huntington Disease. In: R. Pagon, M. Adam H. Ardinger, eds. Gene Reviews. Seattle: University pf Washington. Williams, J. et al., 2009. The emotional experiences of family carers in Huntington disease. J Adv Nurs, 65(4), pp. 789-98. Zuccato, C., Valenza, M. Cattaneo, E., 2010. Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutical targets in Huntington's disease. Physiol Rev., 905(81), pp. 905-981.